Struvite crystallization (3)

Advantages
  • High P recovery efficiency - up to 95%
  • N recovery is achieved simultaneously
  • Reduced P&N return loads
  • Reduced operational costs as a result of scaling prevention
  • Struvite is a slow-release fertilizer that can be used directly.
Limitations
  • Wastewater stream should have
    • P concentration > 50 mg L-1 and
    • SS concentration < 2000 mg L-1
  • Incompatible with chemical P removal with Fe, Al salts
  • Struvite is not yet authorized as fertilizer, but expected to be…
struvite31 image (Le Corre et al., 2009; Chrispim et al. 2019) precovery image