Struvite crystallization (1)

  • Struvite (MAP): Mg2+ + PO43− + NH4+ + 6H2O MgNH4PO4 · 6H2O(s)
    • with a molar ratio: 1:1:1, under alkali conditions
  • A common component of kidney stones in humans and animals.
  • Spontaneous formation is common and can cause problems in WWTPs.
  • Intentional precipitation in more than 40 full-scale installations worldwide (Schipper, 2019).
struvite11 image struvite12 image struvite13 image struvite14 image
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